Addendum 3 – The Burden of Responsibility for Creating a Lead-Safe World… and Averting Climate Crisis
There is a special duty of care for countries which financially benefit from mining and exporting lead and fossil fuels to assist countries which import the exported lead and fossil fuels, especially Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) to create their own national policy aimed at achieving lead safety.
For the countries that profit most from exporting lead and fossil fuels, such as Australia, both the national and other countries’, especially LMIC’s, lead safety programs could be funded by lead and/or fossil-fuel mining royalties. (See also Addendum 5, below.)
According to Workman (2022a, 2022b, 2022c, 2022d), for the 2021 year, the following countries were the top 15 exporters based on the highest dollar value worth –
The top 15 Lead exporting countries:
Below are the 15 countries that exported the highest dollar value worth of lead (including articles made from lead) during 2021.
- Australia: US$841.3 million (9.4% of total lead exports)
- South Korea: $722 million (8%)
- United Kingdom: $606 million (6.7%)
- Germany: $558 million (6.2%)
- Canada: $476.4 million (5.3%)
- India: $460.6 million (5.1%)
- Belgium: $454.7 million (5.1%)
- China: $273.6 million (3%)
- United States: $270.4 million (3%)
- Russia: $263.8 million (2.9%)
- France: $248.6 million (2.8%)
- Poland: $228.7 million (2.5%)
- Mexico: $219.1 million (2.4%)
- Netherlands: $215.5 million (2.4%)
- Kazakhstan: $215.2 million (2.4%)
By value, the listed 15 countries shipped 67.4% of globally exported lead in 2021 (Workman 2022a).
Top 15 Coal exporting countries:
- Australia: US$43.9 billion (35.7% of total coal exports)
- Indonesia: $26.5 billion (21.6%)
- Russia: $17.6 billion (14.3%)
- United States: $9.7 billion (7.9%)
- South Africa: $6.08 billion (4.9%)
- Canada: $6.05 billion (4.9%)
- Colombia: $4.4 billion (3.6%)
- Mongolia: $1.9 billion (1.5%)
- Mozambique: $1.1 billion (0.9%)
- Kazakhstan: $929 million (0.8%)
- Netherlands: $882.5 million (0.7%)
- Poland: $828 million (0.7%)
- Philippines: $596.4 million (0.5%)
- Mainland China: $419.4 million (0.3%)
- Vietnam: $315.1 million (0.3%)
By value, the listed 15 countries shipped 98.6% of global coal exports in 2021 (Workman 2022b).
The top 15 Petroleum Gas exporting countries:
- United States: US$67.6 billion (18% of exported petroleum gas)
- Norway: $58 billion (15.5%)
- Australia: $37.98 billion (10.1%)
- Qatar: $37.97 billion (10.1%)
- Canada: $15.3 billion (4.1%)
- Germany: $14.18 billion (3.8%)
- Algeria: $14.15 billion (3.8%)
- Belgium: $11.8 billion (3.2%)
- United Arab Emirates: $10.1 billion (2.7%)
- Malaysia: $9.9 billion (2.7%)
- Russia: $8.8 billion (2.4%)
- Indonesia: $7.5 billion (2%)
- Oman: $7.2 billion (1.9%)
- Turkmenistan: $6.3 billion (1.7%)
- Nigeria: $5.9 billion (1.6%)
By value, the listed 15 countries shipped 83.5% of global petroleum gas exported in 2021 (Workman 2022c).
The top 15 Crude Oil exporting countries:
- Saudi Arabia: US$161.7 billion (16.5% of exported crude oil)
- Russia: $82 billion (8.3%)
- Canada: $74 billion (7.5%)
- Iraq: $72.1 billion (7.3%)
- United Arab Emirates: $69.4 billion (7.1%)
- United States: $41 billion (4.2%)
- Norway: $40.2 billion (4.1%)
- Kuwait: $36.3 billion (3.7%)
- Nigeria: $30.6 billion (3.1%)
- Brazil: $27.9 billion (2.8%)
- Libya: $27.8 billion (2.8%)
- Angola: $25.4 billion (2.6%)
- Oman: $24 billion (2.4%)
- Mexico: $23.6 billion (2.4%)
- Kazakhstan: $17.6 billion (1.8%)
By value, the listed 15 countries shipped 76.7% of globally exported crude oil in 2021 (Workman 2022d).